Ok

Give-and-take from the English language

OK (spelling variations include okay , O.K. , ok and Ok ) is an English word (originally American English) cogent approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, acknowledgment, or a sign of indifference. OK is frequently used as a loanword in other languages. It has been described as the well-nigh often spoken or written word on the planet.[i] The origins of the discussion are disputed.

As an adjective, OK principally ways "adequate" or "acceptable" every bit a contrast to "bad" ("The boss canonical this, so it is OK to ship out"); information technology can too hateful "mediocre" when used in contrast with "good" ("The french fries were groovy, but the burger was simply OK"). It fulfills a similar role every bit an adverb ("Wow, you did OK for your kickoff time skiing!"). Every bit an interjection, information technology can denote compliance ("OK, I will do that"),[2] or agreement ("OK, that is fine"). It can mean "assent" when it is used as a noun ("the dominate gave her the OK to the buy") or, more colloquially, as a verb ("the dominate OKed the buy"). OK, every bit an adjective, can express acknowledgement without approval.[3] Every bit a versatile discourse marker or continuer, it tin also be used with appropriate intonation to show doubt or to seek confirmation ("OK?", "Is that OK?").[4] [2] Some of this variation in use and shape of the word is likewise found in other languages.[5]

The etymologies of OK

Many explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested, but few take been discussed seriously by linguists. The post-obit proposals accept found mainstream recognition.[6]

Boston abbreviation fad

The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word's early history in impress: a serial of six articles by Allen Walker Read[7] in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964.[eight] [9] [ten] [11] [12] [thirteen] [fourteen] He tracked the spread and evolution of the discussion in American newspapers and other written documents, and later throughout the remainder of the earth. He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read argues that, at the time of the expression'south first advent in print, a broader fad existed in the United states of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on vernacular spoken language patterns:

The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 ... and used expressions like OFM, "our first men," NG, "no go," GT, "gone to Texas," and SP, "small potatoes." Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings, a stock in trade of the humorists of the solar day. One predecessor of OK was OW, "oll wright."[xv]

The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.Southward. English language for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OK 'due south original presentation as "all correct" was after varied with spellings such as "Oll Korrect" or fifty-fifty "Ole Kurreck".

The term appears to accept achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the Autonomous political party claimed during the 1840 The states presidential election that it stood for "Quondam Kinderhook", a nickname for the Democratic president and candidate for reelection, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "Vote for OK" was snappier than using his Dutch name.[16] In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to the bad spelling of Andrew Jackson, Van Buren'due south predecessor. The state-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to take been a disquisitional event in OK 's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the U.s.a..

Read proposed an etymology of OK in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941.[17] The show presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connexion to "Oll Korrect" non fully elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were presented; e.g., Heflin's 1962 article.[eighteen] However, Read'due south landmark 1963–1964 papers silenced almost of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate credence, and is at present offered without reservation in most dictionaries.[8] Read himself was nevertheless open up to evaluating alternative explanations:

Some believe that the Boston newspaper's reference to OK may not exist the earliest. Some are attracted to the claim that information technology is of American-Indian origin. There is an Indian word, okeh, used as an affirmative answer to a question. Mr Read treated such doubting calmly. "Nothing is absolute," he once wrote, "cipher is forever."[16]

Choctaw

In "All Mixed Up", the folk vocalist Pete Seeger sang that OK was of Choctaw origin,[19] every bit the dictionaries of the fourth dimension tended to concord. Three major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited this etymology as the probable origin until as belatedly as 1961.[xix]

The primeval written bear witness for the Choctaw origin is provided in work by the Christian missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825.[ citation needed ] These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh", meaning "it is so",[ commendation needed ] which was listed every bit an alternative spelling in the 1913 Webster'due south.[20]

Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle,[21] and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language calls the particle -keh an "affirmative contradistinctive", with the "distinctive" o- prefix.[22]

Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose, and they made use of the particle[,] but they also never included information technology in the give-and-take lists or discussed it directly. The presumption was that the use of particle "oke" or "hoke" was and so mutual and cocky-evident equally to forestall any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership.[19]

The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this fourth dimension in the Southeastern United States by a tribe with pregnant contact with African slaves.[23] The major language of trade in this area, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This linguistic communication was used, in particular, for communication with the slave-owning[24] [25] Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family linguistic communication).[26] [27] For the iii decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad, the Choctaw had been in all-encompassing negotiation with the Usa government,[28] after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans.

Arguments for a more Southern origin for the discussion note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations, equally well as the ubiquity of the OK particle. Like particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian (Algonquian, Cree cf. "ekosi").

West African

A verifiable early on written attestation of the particle 'kay' is from transcription by Smyth (1784) of a North Carolina slave non wanting to exist flogged by a European visiting America:

Kay, massa, you only leave me, me sit hither, not bad fish leap up into da canoe, hither he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very yet, until another keen fish spring into de canoe; ...[29]

A W African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the word back to the Wolof and Bantu word waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.

David Dalby first fabricated the claim that the particle OK could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His statement was reprinted in various paper articles betwixt 1969 and 1971.[30] This suggestion has also been mentioned more recently by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English (co-written with a retired missionary) that diverse W African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such equally "yes indeed" or which serve equally office of the dorsum-channeling repertoire.[four] [31] Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press.[30]

The Westward African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists,[30] [32] [33] yet has since appeared in scholarly sources published past linguists and non-linguists alike.[34]

Alternative etymologies

A large number of origins have been proposed. Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on credible similarity between OK and one or some other phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound. Some examples are:

  • A abuse from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots (Scots-Irish gaelic) immigrants to Northward America, of the common Scots phrase och aye ("oh yes").[12]
  • A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά ( óla kalá ), meaning "all good".[35]

Early history

Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.Yard. in print as 1839, in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning time Postal service. The annunciation of a trip past the Anti-Bell-Ringing Order (a "frolicsome group" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the issue using the line that is widely regarded as the get-go instance of this strain of OK, consummate with gloss:

The above is from the Providence Periodical, the editor of which is a lilliputian too quick on the trigger, on this occasion. We said not a discussion about our deputation passing "through the city" of Providence.—We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond, and they did go, equally per Post of Thursday. The "Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells," is ane of the deputation, and perhaps if he should return to Boston, via Providence, he of the Periodical, and his train-band, would have his "contribution box," et ceteras, o.thousand.—all correct—and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upwardly.

Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. 7 instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all correct" such as "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck", just 5 appeared with no accompanying caption, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and mayhap in common colloquial use at the time.

Various claims of earlier usage have been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson apparently said "proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for a Negro man, which was O.Thousand.".[36] However, Read challenged such claims, and his assertions have been generally accepted. The lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims,[ description needed (Who?)] yet, supports the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin.[37]

David Dalby brought up a 1941 reference dating the term to 1815. The credible note "nosotros arrived ok" appears in the paw-written diary of William Richardson traveling from Boston to New Orleans about a month after the Battle of New Orleans.[38] However, Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary, writing:

Afterward many attempts to rails downwards this diary, Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer, Professor L. Richardson, Jr., of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University. Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully, to make profoundly enlarged photographs of it, and to become convinced (as is Richardson) that, whatever the marks in the manuscript are, they are not OK.[thirty]

Similarly, H. Fifty. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. g.' is actually in the manuscript",[39] subsequently recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839. Mencken (following Read) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author's self-correction, and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind.[40]

Some other instance given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, physician no demand be fear, we no want to hurt him".[41] Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:

In all other examples of this interjection that I accept found, it is just ki (one time spelled kie). As here, information technology expresses surprise, amusement, satisfaction, mild expostulation, and the like. Information technology has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK, which in the earliest recorded examples ways 'all right, skilful,' though it later acquires other meanings, only even when used as an interjection does non express surprise, expostulation, or anything similar.[30]

Variations

Whether this discussion is printed as OK, Ok, ok, okay, or O.Grand. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and mode guides such equally The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus.[42]

Variation Where used/Origins
okeh Choctaw word for 'it is so' (see to a higher place). An alternative English spelling, no longer common,[20] although it remained in desultory use well into the 20th century.[43] [44] [45] Also see Okeh Records.
hokay Used in English as an alternative.
kay or 'kay Notably used in Herman Wouk's The Caine Wildcat every bit a filler word by the maniacal Helm Queeg.[ citation needed ]
yard or kk or oka Normally used in instant messaging, or in SMS messages. Before the days of SMS, "K" was used as a Morse lawmaking prosign for "Go Ahead".
okay okay Reduplicated okay. Used in a multifariousness of languages, including Japanese and Korean.[46]
Okie dokie This slang term was popularized in the movie "The Trivial Rascals" (Oki doki). Also with alternating spellings, including okeydoke.[47] The phrase can be extended farther, e.m. "Okie dokie (aka) pokie / smokie / artichokie / karaoke / lokie," etc.[48] [49] Likewise adopted into other languages, due east.thou. in Dutch, in such spellings as okiedokie,[50] or Okie Dokie.[51]
ô-kê Used in Vietnam; okey too used, merely ok more ordinarily.[52]
okei Used in Norwegian, Icelandic, Finnish and Estonian (together with OK or ok)
okey Used in Catalan, Faroese, Filipino, Russian, Spanish and Turkish, sounding similar to the English pronunciation OK.
okej Used in Polish, Serbian, Croation, Slovenian, Macedonian, Swedish, and sometimes Latvian; ok also used, merely considered to be a part of more colloquial net language.[53]
oké Used in Dutch and Hungarian. In Dutch, oke, ok and okay are also used, but are less common in the formal written language.[54]
okå Used in Norway. Pronounced the aforementioned way as OK; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual letters O and K in Norwegian. Okei and oukei are too commonly used written or spoken.[55]
ookoo Used in Finland. Pronounced the aforementioned way as OK; the spelling arises from the pronunciation of the individual messages in Finnish.[56]
oquei and ocá Nowadays, rarely used in Portuguese, but once a fad in Brazil. Pronounced as the English OK or following the names of the letters in Portuguese (oh-kah). In written Portuguese, even so very much used every bit OK.
oukej Used in Czech and Slovak. Pronounced every bit the English OK. When written OK, it is pronounced [o:ka:]. Neither version recognized equally official.
owkej Used in Maltese. Pronounced as the English OK.
oukei Used in colloquial Afrikaans. Pronounced also every bit OK.
או קיי Used in colloquial Modernistic Hebrew. Pronounced also equally OK.
O.Chiliad. Used in Greek. The abridgement is pronounced as the English okay. A myth is erroneously circulated by some in Hellenic republic that 'OK' can exist traced back to the Greek expression 'Όλα Καλά', which means 'all is well'.
A-OK A more technical-sounding variation popularized by NASA in 1961.[57]
1000'kay Slang term popularized by South Park Television show. Pronounced too as "Mmmm K". This variation has connotations of sarcasm, such as cavalier disagreement.
Okily Dokily! Catchphrase used by Ned Flemish region in The Simpsons.
اوكي Used in Arabic. Pronounced besides as OK.
โอเค Thai. Pronounced "o khe".[58]

Usage

In 1961, NASA popularized the variant "A-OK" during the launch of Alan Shepard'southward Mercury mission.[59]

International usage

In Brazil, Mexico and Peru, as well as in other Latin American countries, the word is pronounced simply as it is in English and is used very frequently. Spanish speakers often spell the word "okey" to suit with the spelling rules of the language. In Brazil, it may exist also pronounced as "ô-kei". In Portugal, it is used with its Portuguese pronunciation and sounds something like "ókâi" (similar to the English pronunciation but with the "ó" sounding like the "o" in "lost" or "acme"), or even as 'oh-kapa', from the letters O ('ó') and K ('capa'). In Spain it's much less common than in Latin American countries (words such as "vale" are preferred) merely it may nonetheless be heard.

In Flanders and the Netherlands, OK has go part of the everyday Dutch language. It is pronounced the aforementioned fashion.

Arabic speakers besides use the discussion (أوكي) widely, particularly in areas of former British presence like Egypt, Jordan, Israel/Palestine and Iraq, just also all over the Arab earth due to the prevalence of American movie theater and television receiver. It is pronounced just as it is in English language but is very rarely seen in Arabic newspapers and formal media.

In Hebrew, the word OK is common as an equivalent to the Hebrew give-and-take בסדר [b'seder] ('adequate', 'in order'). It is written equally it sounds in English אוקיי.

It is used in Japan and Korea in a somewhat restricted sense, fairly equivalent to "all correct". OK is often used in colloquial Japanese as a replacement for 大丈夫 (daijōbu "all correct") or いい (ii "proficient") and ofttimes followed past です (desu – the copula). A transliteration of the English word, written as オーケー (lit. "ōkē") or オッケー (lit. "okkē") is also often used in the aforementioned manner equally the English, and is becoming more popular in recent years. In Korean, 오케이 (literally "okay") can be used colloquially in place of 네 (ne, "yeah") when expressing blessing or acknowledgment.

In Chinese, the term ; hǎo (literally: "good"), tin exist modified to fit most of usages of OK. For example, 好了; hǎo le closely resembles the interjection usage of OK. The "了" indicates a change of state; in this example it indicates the achievement of consensus. Likewise, OK is unremarkably transformed into "OK了" (OK le) when communicating with foreigners or with fellow Cantonese speaking people in at to the lowest degree Hong Kong and possibly to an extent other regions of China.[60] Other usages of OK such as "I am OK" can be translated every bit 我还好; wǒ hái hǎo . In Hong Kong, movies or dramas set in mod times use the term okay every bit part of the sprinkling of English included in otherwise Cantonese dialog. In Mandarin Chinese it is as well somewhat humorously used in the "spelling" of the word for karaoke, "卡拉OK", pronounced "kah-lah-oh-kei" (Mandarin does not natively have a syllable with the pronunciation "kei"). On the estimator, OK is usually translated every bit 确定; quèdìng , which means "confirm" or "confirmed".

In Taiwan, OK is frequently used in various sentences, popular among only not limited to younger generations. This includes the aforementioned "OK了" (Okay le), "OK嗎" (Okay ma), meaning "Is it okay?" or "OK啦" (Okay la), a strong, persuading affirmative, also as the somewhat tongue-in-cheek explicit yep/no construction "O不OK?" (O bù OK?), "Is it OK or non?"

In Russian federation, OK is used very frequently for any positive meaning. The discussion in Russian has many morphologies: "окей", "океюшки", "ок", "окейно", etc.

In France and Belgium, OK is used to communicate agreement, and is generally followed by a French phrase (e.k. OK, d'accord, "Okay, chef") or some other borrowing (e.g., OK, dominate. ok, bye.). Rarely pronounced /ɔk/ these days, except by young children encountering dialog boxes for the start times.

In the Philippines, "okay lang" is a mutual expression that literally means "it's okay" or "it's fine". Information technology is sometimes spelled every bit okey.

In Malay, it is frequently used with the emphatic suffix "lah": OK-lah.

In Vietnamese, it is spelled "Ô-kê".

In Bharat, it is often used after a judgement to hateful "did y'all get it?", ofttimes not regarded politely, for instance, "I want this job done, OK?" or at the end of a conversation (mostly on the telephone) followed past "bye" equally in "OK, bye."

In Indonesia, OK or oke is too used as a slogan of national idiot box network RCTI since 1994.

In Pakistan, OK has become a role of Urdu and Punjabi languages.

In Deutschland, OK is spelled equally o.k. or O.K. or okay. It may be pronounced as in English, but /ɔˈkeː/ or /oˈkeː/ are also common.[61] The significant ranges from acknowledgement to describing something neither skilful nor bad, same as in US/Great britain usage.

In Maldivian Okay is used in different ways, oft used to agree with something, more often used while parting from a gathering "Okay Dahnee/Kendee."

In Singapore, OK is oft used with suffixes used in "Singlish" such as OK lor, OK lah, OK meh, OK leh, which are used in different occasions.

Gesture

In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circumvolve) and raising of the remaining fingers.[62] Information technology is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in the United States in 1840 as a symbol to support then Presidential candidate Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O K.[62] Like gestures take different meanings in other cultures, some offensive, others devotional.[63] [64]

Computers

OK is used to characterization buttons in modal dialog boxes such as fault messages or impress dialogs, indicating that the user must press the push to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue. When a modal dialog box contains only 1 button, it is almost always labeled OK by convention and default, usually rendered to the screen in upper instance without punctuation: OK, rather than O.K., Okay, or Ok. The OK button tin can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa.[65] The inspiration was likely the -ok parameter in Unix' find command.[66]

The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard. This prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open up Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the bailiwick of some humor.[67]

In HTTP, the HyperText Transfer Protocol, upon which the World wide web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol as well defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for about requests (RFC 3261).

Some Linux distributions, including those based on Cerise Hat, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen, which include [ OK ].

In Unicode

Several Unicode characters are related to visual renderings of OK:

  • U+1F197 🆗 SQUARED OK
  • U+1F44C 👌 OK Mitt SIGN
  • U+1F44D 👍 THUMBS Upwards SIGN
  • U+1F592 🖒 REVERSED THUMBS UP SIGN
  • U+1F646 🙆 FACE WITH OK GESTURE

Notes

  1. ^ "OK, 'virtually spoken word on the planet', marks its 175th anniversary" Due south China Morning Post. 23 March 2014.
  2. ^ a b Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth (2021), "The prosody and phonetics of OKAY in American English", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its utilise in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Language and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 131–173, doi:10.1075/slsi.34.05cou, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  3. ^ Beaver 2011.
  4. ^ a b Yngve, Victor. "On getting a word in edgewise," page 568. Papers from the Sixth Regional Meeting [of the] Chicago Linguistic Society, 1970.
  5. ^ Betz, Emma; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (2021), "Introduction: OKAY emerging as a cross-linguistic object of study in prior enquiry", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its use in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Language and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 2–28, doi:x.1075/slsi.34.01bet, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  6. ^ YouTube. Archived from the original on eleven December 2021.
  7. ^ Bailey, Richard West. (2002). "Allen Walker Read, American Scholar". Milestones in the History of English in America. By Read, Allen Due west. Bailey, Richard West. (ed.). Durham, NC: American Dialect Society, Duke University Press.
     • Bailey, Richard W. (December 2004). "Allen Walker Read, American Scholar" (PDF). ETC: A Review of General Semantics: 433–437.
  8. ^ a b "OK or o·kay". American Heritage Lexicon of the English language Language. Houghton Mifflin. (good summary of the results of Read's six articles)
  9. ^ Read, Allen W (1963). "The showtime phase in the history of "O.M"". American Speech communication. 38 (i): 5–27. doi:x.2307/453580. JSTOR 453580.
  10. ^ Read, Allen W (1963). "The 2nd stage in the history of "O.M"". American Speech. 38 (2): 83–102. doi:10.2307/453285. JSTOR 453285.
  11. ^ Read, Allen W (1963). "Could Andrew Jackson spell?". American Speech. 38 (three): 188–195. doi:x.2307/454098. JSTOR 454098.
  12. ^ a b Read, Allen Due west (1964). "The sociology of "O.Chiliad."". American Spoken language. 39 (1): 5–25. doi:10.2307/453922. JSTOR 453922.
  13. ^ Read, Allen Westward (1964). "Afterwards stages in the history of "O.K."". American Speech. 39 (2): 83–101. doi:10.2307/453111. JSTOR 453111.
  14. ^ Read, Allen Due west (1964). "Successive revisions in the explanation of "O.M."". American Speech. 39 (4): 243–267. doi:10.2307/454321. JSTOR 454321.
  15. ^ Adams 1985.
  16. ^ a b "Allen Read". The Economist. 24 October 2002. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  17. ^ Read 1941.
  18. ^ Heflin 1962.
  19. ^ a b c Fay 2007.
  20. ^ a b "okeh". Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. 1913. Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 29 Dec 2014 – via The Free Dictionary past Farlex.
  21. ^ Byington 1915.
  22. ^ Byington 1870, p. xiv.
  23. ^ Flickinger, Robert Elliot (1911). The Choctaw Freedmen and The Story of Oak Hill Industrial University. gutenberg.org.
  24. ^ Tiya Miles, Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom, University of California Press, 2005, pp. 170-173
  25. ^ "SLAVERY" Archived 18 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society, Retrieved 29 December 2014
  26. ^ Badger 1971.
  27. ^ Hopkins.
  28. ^ DeRosier Jr, Arthur (1967). "Andrew Jackson and Negotiations for The Removal of the Choctaw Indians". The Historian. 29 (3): 343–362. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1967.tb01782.x.
  29. ^ Smyth 1784, pp. ane:118–121.
  30. ^ a b c d e Cassidy 1981.
  31. ^ Holloway & Vass 1993.
  32. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary".
  33. ^ Lighter, Jonathon, (1994). The Random House Historical Lexicon of American Slang, 708.
  34. ^ LINGUIST Listing iv.705. 14 September 1993.
  35. ^ Weber 1942.
  36. ^ Jacksonian America: "OK, O.K. or Okay?""History of Middle Tennessee" by A.Westward. Putnam, 1859, page 252
  37. ^ Cohen, Felix S. (Leap 1952). "Americanizing the White Human". The American Scholar. 21 (2): 177–191.
  38. ^ Heflin 1941, p. 90.
  39. ^ Wait 1941.
  40. ^ Mencken 1945, p. 275.
  41. ^ Dalby, David (8 Jan 1971). "O.K., A.O.K and O KE; The Remarkable Career Of an Americanism That Began in Africa". The New York Times. p. 31. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
     • Dalby, David (fourteen January 1971). "The Etymology of O.Yard.". The Times.
  42. ^ "I'm OK, y'all're okay". Grammarphobia. 11 September 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  43. ^ Pearson, Drew. "Wallace Letter of the alphabet to Truman Led to White House Okeh of Speech". Petrograd Times, 18 September 1946, p. 6. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  44. ^ Jennewein, Paul. "Okay is Okeh: Forth the Cape Fear". Wilmington Morning Star (Wilmington, N.C.), 10 June 1977, p. 1-D. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  45. ^ Halbrooks, Hap. "Arthur Davis' Paw Reported Okeh". Florence Times, nineteen May 1955, p. 12. Retrieved on 27 July 2015.
  46. ^ Kuroshima, Satomi; Kim, Stephanie Hyeri; Hayano, Kaoru; Kim, Mary Shin; Lee, Seung-Hee (2021), "When OKAY is repeated: Closing the talk so far in Korean and Japanese conversations", in Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (eds.), OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its use in talk-in-interaction, Studies in Linguistic communication and Social Interaction, John Benjamins, pp. 236–265, doi:10.1075/slsi.34.08kur, ISBN9789027260284, ISSN 1879-3983
  47. ^ "Yeep! Yeep! Amerikansk Yeep!". LIFE Mag. 23 July 1945. p. 62. Retrieved thirteen September 2021.
  48. ^ "Is the origin of the phrase "Okie Dokie Smokie" Racist?". Wordwizard . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  49. ^ "Overview – Okie-Dokie, Artichokie!". Grace Lin . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  50. ^ Home page of Dutch child daycare center "okiedokie" in Udenhout.
  51. ^ Abode page of 'Okie Dokie Dorp' ("Okie Dokie Village"), a children'south vacationing center in Wijchen.
  52. ^ Luong, Ngoc. Personal interview past Nu Alpha Pi. 13 April 2010.
  53. ^ (in Swedish) Aftonbladet.se
  54. ^ (in Dutch) Taaladvies.net
  55. ^ (in Norwegian) Ordbok.uib.no
  56. ^ Mäkinen, Panu. "Alphabet". Phonology. Panu Mäkinen. Retrieved viii January 2012.
  57. ^ Wolfe, Tom (1988). The Correct Stuff (17th ed.). Toronto: Runted Books. p. 227. ISBN9780553275568 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 – via Google Books.
  58. ^ "โอเค". Thai-language.com . Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  59. ^ "Calm Voice from Space". Time. Time Inc. 2 March 1962. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved iii April 2011.
  60. ^ 3 min 37 due south video, Youtube.com
  61. ^ "Duden | o. m. | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de . Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  62. ^ a b Armstrong, Nancy & Melissa Wagner. (2003) Field Guide to Gestures: How to Identify and Interpret Almost Every Gesture Known to Man. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
  63. ^ Dangerous Body Linguistic communication Abroad, past Matthew Link. Posted 26 July 2010 01:00 PM. Retrieved on 17 November 2012
  64. ^ Body Language. Obscene, to be used with farthermost moderation! Retrieved on 17 Nov 2012
  65. ^ "Apple user interface designers pick OK". Sociology.org. 17 July 1980. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
  66. ^ search for "-ok command ;"
  67. ^ The C Days of Y2K. [LISA '99]. USENIX. 23 November 1999. Retrieved 21 Feb 2011.

References

  • Adams, Cecil (1 January 1985). "What does "OK" stand up for?". The Straight Dope . Retrieved xi September 2013.
  • Badger, Herbert Andrew (1971). "A Descriptive Grammar of Mississippi Choctaw". Academy of Southern Mississippi. OCLC 30845851.
  • Beath, Paul L. (October 1946). "'O.Thousand.' in Radio Sign Language". American Speech communication. 21 (3): 235. JSTOR 486779.
  • Beaver, David (twenty February 2011). "Not OK". Language Log . Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  • Byington, Cryus (1870). Grammar of the Choctaw Linguistic communication. McCalla & Stavely.
  • Byington, Cyrus (1915). A Dictionary of the Choctaw Language. U.South. Regime Printing Office.
  • Cassidy, Frederic Thousand. (Wintertime 1981). "OK—Is It African?". American Spoken language. 56 (4): 269–273. doi:x.2307/455123. JSTOR 455123.
  • Eubanks, Ralph T. (October 1960). "The Basic Derivation of 'O.K.'". American Speech. 35 (three): 188–192. doi:10.2307/453884. JSTOR 453884.
  • Fay, Jim (14 July 2007). "The Choctaw Expression "Okeh" and the Americanism "Okay"". Illinois Prairie. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved eleven September 2013. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Greco, Frank A.; Degges, Mary (Autumn–Winter 1975). "The Etymology of OK Again". American Speech. 50 (3/4): 333–335. doi:10.2307/3088024. JSTOR 3088024.
  • Heflin, Woodford A. (Apr 1941). "'O. 1000.', Simply What Do We Know well-nigh Information technology?". American Speech. xvi (two): 87–95. doi:ten.2307/487428. JSTOR 487428.
  • Heflin, Woodford A. (Dec 1962). "'O. K.' and Its Incorrect Etymology". American Speech. 37 (4): 243–248. doi:10.2307/453377. JSTOR 453377.
  • Hopkins, Nicolas A. The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States (PDF) (Report). Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  • Holloway, Joseph E.; Vass, Winifred Kellersberger (1993). The African Heritage of American English . Indiana University Press. ISBN0253328381.
  • Levin, Harry; Grey, Deborah (Autumn 1983). "The Lecturer's OK". American Voice communication. 58 (3): 195–200. doi:x.2307/455226. JSTOR 455226.
  • Matthews, Albert (Dec 1941). "A Note on 'O.K.'". American Spoken language. 16 (4): 256–259. doi:10.2307/486564. JSTOR 486564.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1936). The American Language (4th ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 206–207. ISBN0394400755.
  • Mencken, H. 50. (April 1942). "'O. Thousand.,' 1840". American Oral communication. 17 (2): 126–127. doi:10.2307/486458. JSTOR 486458.
  • Mencken, H. L. (1945). The American Language: Supplement I . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN0394400763.
  • Mencken, H. L. (24 September 1949). "The Life and Times of O.Yard." The New Yorker (published i October 1949). pp. 57–61.
  • McMillan, B. (April 1942). "'O.One thousand.,' A Comment". American Speech. 17 (ii): 127. JSTOR 486459.
  • Pound, Louise (December 1942). "Some Folk-Locutions". American Voice communication. 17 (4): 247–250. doi:10.2307/487190. JSTOR 487190.
  • Pound, Louise (October 1951). "Two Queries". American Speech. 26 (3): 223–224. doi:10.2307/453088. JSTOR 453088.
  • Pyles, Thomas (May 1952). "'Choctaw' Okeh Once again: A Note". American Speech. 27 (ii): 157–158. JSTOR 454369.
  • Read, Allen Due west. (19 July 1941). "The Show on O.K.". Saturday Review of Literature. pp. iii–4, ten–11.
  • Rife, J. M. (October 1966). "The Early Spread of "O. K." to Greek Schools". American Spoken communication. 41 (3): 238. JSTOR 454033.
  • Smyth, J. F. D. (1784). A Bout in the The states of America. Chiliad. Robinson. ISBN9780665412226.
  • Wait, William Bell (April 1941). "Richardson'due south 'O. K.' of 1815". American Speech. 16 (ii): 136. doi:10.2307/487427. JSTOR 487427.
  • Walser, Richard (May 1965). "A Boston "O.Thou." Poem in 1840". American Spoken communication. 40 (2): 120–126. doi:ten.2307/453718. JSTOR 453718.
  • Weber, Robert (April 1942). "A Greek O.Thousand.". American Speech. 17 (2): 127–128. JSTOR 486460.

Further reading

  • Metcalf, Allan. (2011). OK: The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word. Oxford University Printing, Oxford. ISBN 978-0-nineteen-537793-4
  • Betz, Emma; Deppermann, Arnulf; Mondada, Lorenza; Sorjonen, Marja-Leena (2021). OKAY across Languages: Toward a comparative approach to its employ in talk-in-interaction. Studies in Language and Social Interaction 34. John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/slsi.34. ISBN9789027260284.

External links

  • Why nosotros say "OK" - Vox News produced video
  • The Choctaw Expression Okeh and the Americanism Okay
  • Ok. Let'south continue.
  • NPR: The Origin of OK (audio)
  • FAQ: "OK"
  • BBC: How 'OK' took over the earth. Retrieved 18 February 2011.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK

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